Inflation by City

Inflation can vary widely by city, even within the United States. Here's how some cities fared in 2005 to 2004 (figures shown are purchasing power equivalents of $1):

• Miami-Fort Lauderdale, Florida: 4.70% average rate, $1 → $1.05, cumulative change of 4.70%
• Tampa, Florida: 4.01% average rate, $1 → $1.04, cumulative change of 4.01%
• Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: 3.97% average rate, $1 → $1.04, cumulative change of 3.97%
• New York: 3.88% average rate, $1 → $1.04, cumulative change of 3.88%
• San Diego, California: 3.67% average rate, $1 → $1.04, cumulative change of 3.67%
• Houston, Texas: 3.61% average rate, $1 → $1.04, cumulative change of 3.61%
• St Louis, Missouri: 3.24% average rate, $1 → $1.03, cumulative change of 3.24%
• Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas: 3.23% average rate, $1 → $1.03, cumulative change of 3.23%
• Boston, Massachusetts: 3.17% average rate, $1 → $1.03, cumulative change of 3.17%
• Atlanta, Georgia: 3.13% average rate, $1 → $1.03, cumulative change of 3.13%
• Chicago, Illinois: 3.03% average rate, $1 → $1.03, cumulative change of 3.03%
• Phoenix, Arizona: 2.95% average rate, $1 → $1.03, cumulative change of 2.95%
• Detroit, Michigan: 2.86% average rate, $1 → $1.03, cumulative change of 2.86%
• Seattle, Washington: 2.80% average rate, $1 → $1.03, cumulative change of 2.80%
• Minneapolis-St Paul, Minnesota: 2.77% average rate, $1 → $1.03, cumulative change of 2.77%
• Denver, Colorado: 2.09% average rate, $1 → $1.02, cumulative change of 2.09%
• San Francisco, California: 1.97% average rate, $1 → $1.02, cumulative change of 1.97%

Miami-Fort Lauderdale, Florida experienced the highest rate of inflation during the 1 years between 2004 and 2005 (4.70%).

San Francisco, California experienced the lowest rate of inflation during the 1 years between 2004 and 2005 (1.97%).

Note that some locations showing 0% inflation may have not yet reported latest data.

Inflation by Country

Inflation can also vary widely by country. For comparison, in the UK £1.00 in 2005 would be equivalent to £0.97 in 2004, an absolute change of £-0.03 and a cumulative change of -2.75%.

In Canada, CA$1.00 in 2005 would be equivalent to CA$0.98 in 2004, an absolute change of CA$-0.02 and a cumulative change of -2.17%.

Compare these numbers to the US's overall absolute change of $-0.03 and total percent change of -3.28%.

Inflation by Spending Category

CPI is the weighted combination of many categories of spending that are tracked by the government. Breaking down these categories helps explain the main drivers behind price changes.

Between 2004 and 2005:

• Gas prices increased from $1.59 per gallon to $1.82
• Bread prices increased from $0.95 per loaf to $1.00
• Egg prices increased from $1.57 per carton to $1.21
• Chicken prices increased from $1.06 per per 1 lb of whole chicken to $1.03
• Electricity prices increased from $0.09 per KwH to $0.09

This chart shows the average rate of inflation for select CPI categories between 2005 and 2004.

Compare these values to the overall average of 3.39% per year:

For all these visualizations, it's important to note that not all categories may have been tracked since 2005. This table and charts use the earliest available data for each category.

How to calculate inflation rate for $1, 2004 to 2005

Our calculations use the following inflation rate formula to calculate the change in value between 2004 and 2005:

Then plug in historical CPI values. The U.S. CPI was 195.3 in the year 2005 and 188.9 in 2004:

$1 in 2005 has the same "purchasing power" or "buying power" as $0.97 in 2004.

To get the total inflation rate for the 1 years between 2004 and 2005, we use the following formula:

Plugging in the values to this equation, we get:

Alternate Measurements of Inflation

There are multiple ways to measure inflation. Published rates of inflation will vary depending on methodology. The Consumer Price Index, used above, is the most common standard used globally.

Alternative measurements are sometimes used based on context and economic/political circumstances. Below are a few examples of alternative measurements.

Personal Consumption Expenditures (PCE) Inflation

The PCE Price Index is the U.S. Federal Reserve's preferred measure of inflation, compiled by the Bureau of Economic Analysis. It measures the change in prices of goods and services purchased by consumers.

The PCE Price Index changed by 2.88% per year on average between 2005 and 2004. The total PCE inflation between these dates was 2.88%. In 2005, PCE inflation was 2.48%.

This means that the PCE Index equates $1 in 2005 with $1.03 in 2004, a difference of $0.03. Compare this to the standard CPI measurement, which equates $1 with $0.97. The PCE measured 6.16% inflation compared to standard CPI.

For more information on the difference between PCE and CPI, see this analysis provided by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Core Inflation

Also of note is the Core CPI, which uses the standard CPI but omits the more volatile categories of food and energy.

Core inflation averaged 2.17% per year between 2005 and 2004 (vs all-CPI inflation of 3.39%), for an inflation total of 2.17%. In 2005, core inflation was 1.76%.

When using the core inflation measurement, $1 in 2005 is equivalent in buying power to $1.02 in 2004, a difference of $0.02. Recall that the converted amount is $0.97 when all items including food and energy are measured.

Chained Inflation

Chained CPI is an alternative measurement that takes into account how consumers adjust spending for similar items. Chained inflation averaged 2.92% per year between 2005 and 2004, a total inflation amount of 2.92%.

According to the Chained CPI measurement, $1 in 2005 is equal in buying power to $1.03 in 2004, a difference of $0.03 (versus a converted amount of $0.97/change of $-0.03 for All Items).

In 2005, chained inflation was 2.51%.

Data source & citation

Raw data for these calculations comes from the Bureau of Labor Statistics' Consumer Price Index (CPI), established in 1913. Price index data from 1774 to 1912 is sourced from a historical study conducted by political science professor Robert Sahr at Oregon State University and from the American Antiquarian Society. Price index data from 1634 to 1773 is from the American Antiquarian Society, using British pound equivalents.

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